![]() ![]() Neuroscience online: an electronic textbook for the neurosciences. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Midbrain-hindbrain malformations: Advances in clinical diagnosis, imaging, and genetics. Common symptoms of Parkinson's disease.ĭoherty D, Millen KJ, Barkovich AJ. The association of brainstem lesions with migraine-like headache: an imaging study of multiple sclerosis. Midbrain lesions and paroxysmal dysarthria in multiple sclerosis. A medley of midbrain maladies: A brief review of midbrain anatomy and syndromology for radiologists. The clinical variability of midbrain lesions. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.įederico P. Role of the dorsal periaqueductal gray in posttraumatic stress disorder: Mediation by dopamine and neurokinin. Symptoms include unilateral or bilateral oculomotor nerve paralysis and ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia.Ĭaminero F, Cascella M. Nothnagel's syndrome: This condition usually results from a tumor of the midbrain, such as a glioma.In addition to oculomotor nerve palsy and ataxia, there is damage to the corticospinal tract, resulting in contralateral weakness. Benedikt's syndrome: Like Claude's syndrome, this condition results from a stroke within the tegmentum of the midbrain.It results in ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy with contralateral cerebellar ataxia (incoordinated movements). Claude's syndrome: This condition results from a stroke within the dorsal (upper side) tegmentum of the midbrain.It results in ipsilateral (same-sided) third nerve palsy and contralateral (opposite side) weakness. Weber's syndrome: Also known as midbrain stroke syndrome and superior alternating hemiplegia, this condition is caused by a stroke in a branch of either the basilar artery or the posterior cerebral artery.Symptoms may include a downward gaze at rest, pupils that are poorly reactive to light, eyelid retraction, and convergence-retraction nystagmus (when you have uncontrollable, jerky eye movements) Parinaud’s syndrome: Also known as the dorsal midbrain syndrome, this condition usually results from the mass effect of an adjacent pineal gland tumor.Ventral tegmental area (VTA): This structure contains dopamine-producing cell bodies and plays a key role in the reward system.It serves as a relay station for nerve signals responsible for controlling movement. Substantia nigra: This area contains nerve cells that make the neurotransmitter (brain chemical) dopamine.It is called the "red" nucleus because of its pinkish color, resulting from the presence of iron. Red nucleus: This region is involved in motor coordination.Corticospinal tract: This major nerve pathway carries movement-related information from the brain to the spinal cord.Spinothalamic tract: This major nerve pathway carries information about pain and temperature sensation from the body to the thalamus of the brain. ![]() The trochlear nerve nuclei innervate the superior oblique muscle of the eye, which abducts, depresses, and internally rotates the eye. Cranial nerve nuclei: Oculomotor nerve nuclei are responsible for controlling the pupil and most eye movements.Recently, this structure has been linked to controlling the defensive reactions associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter: This area plays a primary role in processing pain signals, autonomic function, and behavioral responses to fear and anxiety.Reticular formation: This highly diverse and integrative area contains a network of nuclei responsible for many vital functions including arousal, consciousness, sleep-wake cycles, coordination of certain movements, and cardiovascular control. ![]()
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